18世纪，俄罗斯科学院的科学家们为了思考自己所研究的科学问题而注意梳理学科的历史。到19世纪，历史学家为科学史研究增添了人文视角。俄罗斯科学院在1921年成立知识史委员会，该委员会的主席维尔纳茨基将科学史看作一个独立科学领域，提出了科学史研究的主要问题和方向，为俄罗斯科学技术史学科奠定了基础。1932年知识史委员会正式改为科学技术史研究所，实现了科学技术史学科在苏联的建制化。俄罗斯（苏联）科学院的科学史研究有自己的学术风格，如在20世纪20年代“知识史”框架下探讨科学、哲学和技术的发展，20世纪30年代初提出创造马克思列宁主义的知识史，为国际科学技术史研究做出了重要贡献。

In the 18th century scientists of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS) traced disciplinary history in order to think about scientifc questions in their research felds. When it came to the 19th century, some historians tried to make studies of the history of science from the humanistic perspective. The Commission for the History of Knowledge (CHK) was set up by the RAS in 1929. V.I. Vernadsky, the president of the CHK, regarded the history of science as an independent feld of science, and proposed the main questions and focuses for the studies of the history of science, laying the groundwork for the discipline of the history of science and technology. When the CHK was reconstructed as the Institute for the History of Science and Technology in 1932, so that the research on the history of science and technology became institutionalized in the Soviet Academy of Sciences. The Russian (Soviet) Academy of Sciences had its own specifc scholarly approach to the studies of the development of science, philosophy, and technology in the framework of "the history of knowledge" in the 1920s, and further pioneered the Marxism-Leninism studies of the history of knowledge, which significantly contributed to the international research on the history of science and technology.