| 中文摘要: |
文章的研究对象为两次由科学家主导的对新兴生物技术风险的"共识会议"。通过对这两次会议的历史、意义与相关争议的讨论,尝试探索专家预警在新兴生物技术治理中的角色及局限性。在1975年阿西洛马会议上,科学家针对如何应对新发现的重组DNA技术及其风险问题进行了讨论,标志着预警性技术治理的开始。但是由于会议制定的风险范围过于狭窄,限制了生物技术治理的范围。2015年的华盛顿峰会讨论了与人类基因编辑有关的科学、伦理与治理问题,最大范围地听取了国际社会的意见,但仍将复杂的全球治理难题的责任与权力分配到不同的国家与地区甚至企业之中,这导致各自为政,难以有效治理。随着生物技术的发展与不断商业化,专家预警在基因编辑技术的发展中只是问题与持续讨论的开始,治理是一个缓慢的、动态的技术与社会契约达成的过程。后基因组时代,更好地理解技术带来的社会关系、伦理、法律等社会变革才有可能理解技术本身,才能更好地完成对技术的治理。 |
| 英文摘要: |
The history, significance and related debate of two “consensus conferences”, that is, the Asilomar Conference and the International Summit on Human Genome Editing, both organized by the scientists and focusing on the uncertainty of recombinant DNA technology and genome editing technology respectively, are discussed for an attempt to probe into the role and limitation of expert precaution in new biotechnology governance. The Asilomar Conference in 1975on the potential biohazards of recombinant DNA was seen as the beginning of precaution principle of biotechnology governance. However, the risks and interests set by the Asilomar Conference were too narrow, which limited the scope of biotechnology governance. The International Summit on Human Genome Editing held in 2015discussed the science, ethics and governance issues concerning human genome editing, and took the advice from a broader global community. However, it still distributed the complicated global governance challenge into different countries and regions, even the enterprises, which inevitably led to fragmented governance. With the development of biotechnology and its industrialization, the expert precaution model in the governance of gene editing technology was only a start of a long going procedure of discussion and negotiation. Governance could never accomplish at one stroke, instead, it was a slow, dynamic process of agreement making. In the post genome era, to understand the social transformations in social relationship, ethics, and laws caused by the technology is the key to understand the technology in itself, which could lead to a good governance of emerging technology. |
